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Preposition stranding, sometimes called P-stranding, is the syntactic construction in which a preposition with an object occurs somewhere other than immediately adjacent to its object—at the end of a sentence, for example. The preposition is then described as stranded, hanging or dangling. This kind of construction is widely found in Germanic languages, including English〔 pages 137-38.〕 and the Scandinavian languages.〔 page 238〕〔 page 197.〕 Whether or not German and Dutch exhibit legitimate preposition stranding is debatable. Preposition stranding is also found in languages outside the Germanic family, such as Vata and Gbadi (two languages in the Niger–Congo family), and certain dialects of French spoken in North America. == In English == In English, preposition stranding is found, for instance in open interrogatives, ''wh'' relatives, and passive constructions sometimes known as pseudopassives.〔 *In wh-constructions, the object of the preposition is a wh-word in deep structure but is fronted as a result of the wh-movement. It is commonly assumed in transformational approaches to syntax that the movement of a constituent out of a phrase leaves a silent trace. In the case of wh-movement leaving a stranded preposition, the wh-word is fronted to the beginning of the interrogative clause, leaving a trace after the preposition: ::Whati are you talking about ___i? *Pseudopassives are the result of the movement of the object of a preposition to fill an empty subject position for a passive verb. This phenomenon is comparable to regular passives, which are formed through the movement of the object of the verb to subject position. In pseudopassives, unlike in wh-movement, the object of the preposition is not a wh-word but rather a pronoun or noun phrase: ::This bed looks as if it i has been slept in ___i.〔 *Relative clauses in English can also exhibit preposition stranding, whether with a complementizer introducing the clause or without: ::This is the booki thati I told you about ___i. ::This is the booki I told you about ___i. Overzealous avoidance of stranded prepositions leads to unnatural-sounding sentences, especially when the preposition is part of an idiomatic phrasal verb, such as the following, apocryphally attributed to Winston Churchill. Note the verb is the phrasal verb "put up with", split to humorous effect: ::This is the sort of tedious nonsense up with which I will not put. There are verbal idioms in English that include more than one preposition, so it is possible to have more than one stranded preposition, for instance in the sentence :: "She was a fine manager, one who was ''looked up to'' by them all." (from ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language'' ) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「preposition stranding」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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